The death of two home birthed mother has
arises an alert among the public and the healthcare providers in Malaysia.
The trending of homebirth is arising with the establishment of some support
group of natural birthing in Malaysia.
The idea of this writing is to educate the healthcare
professionals in regards to homebirth and its safety issues as well as the
public to be well-informed about homebirth in developed countries and the
perspectives of it in our Malaysian context.
Because developed countries like Australia, United
Kingdom, The United States and New Zealand does allow homebirth,
many Malaysian women wanted a similar option of birth. These women voices out
their concern and demand by challenging the Malaysian health care system.
There are many reasons why these women may
aggressively fighting their rights to do homebirth…reasons like..
a)
to be able to
have own empowerment towards own body without any interference from medical
staff and technology interventions meaning greater degree of self-determination
b)
to deliver at
their own comfort in a familiar environment with a more quiet, peaceful and
privacy moments for themselves
c)
freedom from
institutional needs and restraint
d)
attitude of more
significant others
e)
more involvement
of partner/ husband
f)
no need to leave
other children behind
g)
privacy away from
any male attendants including male professional doctors (that’s where religious
reason comes in and the issue of aurah is brought in
h)
women who
strongly believe about natural birthing (like natural parenting – kelahiran
fitrah, kelahiran alami) which does not need any involvement of unnatural
interventions other than natural instinct
i)
women who
previously had caesarean that was told by their obstetrician that they are not fit for VBAC (vaginal birth
after caesarean)/ trial of scar due to the risks they posses but they strongly
want the VBAC so they defaulted and opted for homebirth
j)
women who
traumatised by previous experience in the hospital setting
k)
cheaper option
the list goes on….
Before we start arguing about base on our
emotions and logical thinking…let us talk about facts and figures.
Let us has a glimpse of what is homebirth
like in Australia, what is their stand, how their medical system work and why
it is possible in Australia, why it is more promising there…
Why Australia as the ground of
discussion? Because I was trained there and had experience in learning gentle
birthing/ homebirthing there.
Homebirth is very well established in the
Australian health care system due to the existence of guidelines and policies.
They have a national body for homebirth which is call Homebirth Australia that empower the women of Australia
to op for homebirth (if they are in the low risk group). This national body
involve consumers, midwives and related health professional whom committed to
ensuring survival of homebirth as birth option to Australian women. They hold
onto the stand that was made by the Royal College Obstetrician and Royal
College of Midwives of the United
Kingdom.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Royal College of
Midwives Joint Position Statement on Homebirth“The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) support home birth for women with uncomplicated pregnancies. There is no reason why home birth should not be offered to women at low risk of complications and it may confer considerable benefits for them and their families. There is ample evidence showing that labouring at home increases a woman’s likelihood of a birth that is both satisfying and safe, with implications for her health and that of her baby.“
Please
read it all…do not take this statement partially…. “homebirth…for women with
uncomplicated pregnancies……low risk of complications”
However the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrician and
Gynaecologist had made decision that planned homebirth should not be
offered as a model of care and that collaborative care between midwives and
Obstetrician in a hospital setting is considered the best model of maternity
care due to high perinatal deaths in a planned homebirth.
This statement is made
based on several studies.
The most recent
meta-analysis of planned homebirth in Western countries identified
12 studies of suitable quality for inclusion, providing a comparison of 342056
planned homebirths with 207551 planned hospital births. The overall neonatal
death rate (NND) was almost three times higher for babies born without
congenital anomalies in the homebirth group. Since that study was published, an
additional paper from the United States
has reviewed planned homebirths during the period 1989 to 2005 in Missouri, and also
reported and increased relative risk for perinatal death in the planned
homebirth group.
Australia is aiming for a lower frequency of
homebirth due to it geographically diverse country and poorly developed
infrastructure for planned homebirth. The geography does not suit itself to
obstetric “flying squads” that are readily available to retrieve mothers from
home when problems have arisen during labour and birth. Australia has
the dual problems of vast distances in rural settings, and heavy city traffic
in Melbourne and Sydney. Evidence is that approximately 12 to 43% of those
identified as “low risk” in pregnancy will develop a complication necessitating
transfer to care in a conventional birth suite setting. In many
locations in Australia
this cannot be accomplished expeditiously.
For low risk women
planning for homebirth published studies show about 7.4 – 30% of women will be
transferred during antenatal period due to preterm labour, preterm premature
rupture of membranes, malpresentation, antepartum haemorrhage. 1.5 – 13% will
require transfer after onset of labour common problem due to failure to
progress in labour, concern about fetal wellbeing and maternal request for
analgesia. 0.7-6.7% transfer due to postpartum problems like postpartum
haemorrhage, , retained placenta, surturing of perineal lacerations. 0.06-1.4%
neonates require transfer after due to respiratory problems or assessment of
anomalies.
States like South
Australia and Western Australia readily made policies for the healthcare
professionals and midwives to guide these qualified practitioners when caring
form women who make an informed choice to give birth at home.
In these policies,
midwives and health professionals that involved in giving homebirth services
must fulfill the prerequisite requirements to assure the competency of the
workforce involved. The policies also gave clear guidelines for determining
which mother can safely opted for homebirth and which is not.
In which a case a mother should not be allowed to do
homebirth but she strongly wants one and that she has been fully informed about
the pros and cons and considered making an informed choice, she needs to sign
in the consent form and healthcare professionals can decline to continue their
care if they felt that they have to practice outside their scope, ability,
skills and competencies. So this mother must hire a private midwife still not
allowing her to do homebirth unattended/ unassisted.
I have been
informed by lay person that sometimes health care providers like to scare of
their patients by informing “scary” stories of risks. Birth is neither a
sickness nor an illness. It’s a natural process that should be described as an
amazing painless process and as a happy moment in life but healthcares like to
talk about risks. Most mommies out there feel intimidated by the overwhelming
facts. However, mommies should be aware that health professionals have the
legal, medical and social responsibility towards the women and community to
inform the other side of the story so these mommies are able to make an
informed choice.
What is informed choice? Informed decision?
Its
when the women has the AUTONOMY and control to make decisions about her care
AFTER a process INFORMATION EXCHANGE that involves providing her with
SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE BASED INFORMATION about all options for her care in the
ABSENCE OF COERCION by any party and WITHOUT WITHOLDING INFORMATION about any
options. So women can make a decision in absences of coercion that reflects her
self-determination, autonomy and control.
During
my medical student time.. I have seen consultation done between mothers and
healthcare professionals in regards to their birthing plans… things that
normally discussed are like where they want to deliver, how (normal/ lscs –
after assessing the risk and need), when (if planning for induction/ lscs),
what analgesia do they want etc. if they opted for homebirth, who are the
professionals involved (also after discussion of individual risks)…they discuss
about everything about their concern and then make an informed choice then.
So what it is like in the Malaysian context?
In
Malaysia, the issue of informed choice has been argued because in the last few
mortality/ morbidity cases, workforce that involve in the care of mothers’ who
opted for homebirth e.g doulas, support personnel are not medically and
professionally trained personnel. They may be unaware of the current risks of
the mother involved and the fact that the choice is made one sided as most
mothers who opted for homebirth rarely discuss in details with their health
professionals. So information normally received from one end only.
The
fact is that homebirth is not being offered as an option for the model of care
for mothers in Malaysia
yet. It may be one day but not near future. People would say… “my grandmas, my
long long grandmas delivered at home..so what do you mean by not an option in Malaysia?”
Learn
the statistics…our older generations had most their deliveries at home but this
is also associated with higher mortality and morbidity rate.
Since
1960’s till current, the death toll rate from maternal mortality has decline
significantly from a number of 170 deaths in 100 000 populations (1966) to 70
deaths in 100 000 in 1976 to 30-40 deaths in early 2000 and currently the MMR
(maternal mortality ratio) is 27 deaths in 100 000 populations. This is due to
an internationally initiatives introduced in the late 1980’s which is called
Safe Motherhood Initiatives.
Is planned Homebirth achievable in Malaysia? What
is the prospect?
As
mentioned above, countries like Australia
has its own healthcare policy in regards to planned homebirth which outline the
requirements needed before deciding for one. The mother must receive regular antenatal
check up with health professionals, is free from pre-existing medical and
pregnancy complications, at the time of labour must have a singleton pregnancy
with cephalic presentation, lives no further than 30 minutes from supporting
hospital facility etc. The competency of workforce is reinforced. In Australia,
planned homebirth should be attended by 2 qualified practitioners (registered midwife/
medical practitioner) who have reasonably appropriate experience of childbirth,
awareness of contraindications, able to identify medical emergencies, competent
in obstetrics emergency procedures and neonatal resuscitation and availability
of emergency resuscitation equipment ready to use.
However
there is no specific policy right now in Malaysia allowing planned homebirth
as an alternative model of care for mother. Besides that, the main issue arises
from workforce that is available in our health care system and the relative to
the fertility and birth rate in our country.
Australia
|
Malaysia
|
New Zealand
|
UK
|
US
|
|
Worldbank
data
Nurses/midwives
ratio (per 1000 people) in 2010
|
9.6
|
3.3
|
10.9
|
10.1
|
9.8
|
KFF
nurses/midwives
ratio (per 10 000 population) fr 2005 - 2012
|
95.9
|
32.8
|
108.7
|
94.7
|
98.2
|
Worldbank
data
Physicians
(per 1000 people) 2010
|
3.9
|
1.3
|
2.7
|
2.7
|
2.4
|
KFF
Physicians
(per 10 000 populations) 2005 - 2012
|
38.5
|
12
|
27.4
|
27.7
|
24.2
|
Worldbank
data
Fertility
rate (birth per women) 2011
|
1.9
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
Worldbank
data
Birth
rate (per 1000 people) 2011
|
13
|
18
|
14
|
13
|
13
|
KFF
Birth
rate (per 1000 people) 2013
|
12.3
|
20.41
|
13.48
|
12.26
|
13.36
|
From
the above table, we can see that the number of health professionals overall in
developed countries like Australia and UK is three time fold the number
available in Malaysia but the birth rate of Malaysia is about 1.5 greater. To
achieve a well-establish planned homebirth in Malaysia is still difficult to
achieve with the high rates of birth yet our medical health professional are
still understaffed. We are unable to give full participation and assistant in
homebirths. Mind me but doula are professional support group but they cannot
replace medically professional staff. In the case of emergency, as claim by our
doula, they cannot recognized red flag signs of emergency and not readily aware
if their clients’ medical and pregnancy complication and potential risks.
Perhaps,
another way to ease the situation is to offer gentle birthing in our local
hospital, atleast to give the Malaysian women to choose to be in a better
labour environment (better than the usual hectic labour room)…to allow our
women to have more control over their labour, self empowerment rather than
going thru a conventional labour process… small tiny rooms with partitions,
very little privacy, screaming of staff and other patients can easily be heard
etc.
Like
as told before, in Australia…
usually, they will discuss the birth plan. How they want it to be? Where they
want it to be? What analgesia? When it is going to be (if planned for lscs/
induction in the possession of riks)…Mothers can have gentle birthing not just
at home but also in the hospital settings where some rooms were set up like
home…one of the rooms in a district hosp has a queen size bed. They can have
gym balls, hot bath/ shower, TENS, epidural but allow for mobility…
However
this arises another issue…our current labour room are not constructed to fit
this need…so this mean there is a need of reconstructing our labour room to be
more home-like rooms which will take up extra cost.
So
having said all that, it is not easy to allow planned homebirths in Malaysia due to
the availability of health care staff to attend homebirths. Besides that the
issue of transportation, availability of local ambulances to assist transfer to
tertiary hospital in the case of emergency is another rolling issue to think of.
It is not a work of a day or two. A better way is to look at a more gentle
birthing method, to emphasis among healthcare the importance of communication
and having the share care between professionals and patients, not a one-sided,
paternalistic care like we used to have, meaning allowing the women to practice
their autonomy and rights to choose but in a control, safer environment and
under the advise and supervision of health professionals. Mother must also
understand that medical interventions are not there to harm you but they are
there to assist and facilitate labour in the case where it would be risky for
the mother to be allowed to labour alone.. This is parallel to the need of maqasid
al syariat and qawaid al syariat.
This
is not a one-man show, labour cannot be single handedly…be it on the health
care side, the patients’s side or doula/ supporting group. Maternal care
involved collaboration of all parties to ensure the the best level of care is
given to our clients. Keep in mind that no matter what we do, what we are
aiming for, the safety of the maternal and neonatal is the main priority. Do no
harm is best to hold. And everything else, we rest it to the Al-Mighty.
Narrates Hazrat Anas Bin Malik one day Prophet Muhammad noticed a Bedouin leaving his
camel without tying it. He asked the Bedouin,
"Why don't you tie down your camel?" The Bedouin answered, "I
put my trust in Allah."
The Prophet then said, "Tie your camel first, and then put your trust in Allah."Sunan At-Tirmizi, 1981.
The Prophet then said, "Tie your camel first, and then put your trust in Allah."Sunan At-Tirmizi, 1981.
Wallahu’alam.
References:
- homebirthaustralia.org/
- http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/home-births
- Women’s and Newborns Health Network: Policy for Publicly Funded Homebirths including Guidance for Consumers, Health Professionals and Health Services, February 2012, Department of Health, State of Western Australia
- Policy for planned birth at home in South Australia, 4th July 2007, Department of Health, Government of South Australia
- data.worldbank.org
- http://kff.org/global-indicator/